Two stage compressor Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Two stage compressor - Lab Report Example The main reason for the popularity of these air compressors is because air is a safe, clean, convenient and flexible resource. These machines have undergone a series of transformations to become highly reliable equipment. They are almost indispensable in much of their applications. Compressors come in a wide range of varieties of different sizes and types. Ultimately, just like any other tool, compressors and tools are typically lighter and more powerful than standard battery powered cordless tools or standard electrical tools. They are used in almost all industrial sectors from textiles to dairy farming to automobiles to aircraft. While there are multiple compressor types, they all have same functions which are increasing the pressure and reducing the volume of any given air or gas. Majority of compressors operate on the principle of filling the chamber with gas or air and reducing the volume in the chamber. They are referred to as positive displacement compressors. A set of equipment was used in this experiment. These included the two-stage compressor, the piston, a separate dynamometer, analogue meters, the two industrial compressors, the air receiver and the intercooler which is located between the first and second stages. In this experiment these set of equipment were connected together to make up a two-stage compressor. In this case, there two industrial compressors: the air receiver and the intercooler which is connected between the first and second stages of the two-stage compressor. The piston in each cylinder was then linked to separate dynamometer with each dynamometer having its own electrical variable speed drive located in the control panel. Each compressor instrument group had two analogue meters. There meters were used to measure directly the current (A) and the voltage (V) applied to the dynamometer. Compressor 1 (N1) was started and its speed set to 750 rev.min-4. This constant was maintained during the

Art History- Comparing Renaissance and Baroque art Essay

Art History- Comparing Renaissance and Baroque art - Essay Example The Virgin with the Canon van der Paele is an outstanding painting of Virgin Mary. In the painting, Jesus is sitting on Mary’s lap. Mary is not the only person represented in this painting, there are other significant persons. An interesting aspect of the painting is the articulate and accurate coloration. In general, the painting is more real, representative of life and provides immense detail. On the other hand, The Swing (1766) is a depiction of has guarding statues of the garden swing. In this drawing, the colors are muter and it is mainly characterized with some kind of darkness and shadowy effect. However, the darkness is non-sinister, but rather is a result of illumination effect of the trees that provide privacy to the two lovers in the painting. There is therefore a bright effect emanating from the tree breaks, from where the sun’s rays maneuvers its way to illuminate the woman who is wearing a pink dress which is one of the bright spots in the picture. The two paintings bear some level of similarity. Firstly, both represent a scene characterized by multiple persons. Van Eyck’s painting shows immense detail with regard to painting backgrounds just as much as is the case in Fragonard painting (Gardner and Kleiner 571). However, as much as the details in Fragonard paintings are substantial, they are much smaller and rather it is the leaves and trees that take much of the focus instead of the swinging lady. There is also some level of contrast in the paintings. While van Eyck’s painting is more serious, more religious and sacred.

What does the experience of school by Japanese youth suggest about the Essay

What does the experience of school by Japanese youth suggest about the education for sustainable development In what ways does it resonate in Malaysia - Essay Example As defined by the World Bank Group, Education is the first step for poverty reduction and to increase human development. It is a primordial element to acquire knowledge. It is stated at the top of every state policy they will implement. Each government makes an effort to improve their system of education, because this will benefit their country, particularly their economy, in the long run. As Milton Freidman stated, the government interferes with its citizens’ education to promote the welfare of the society. An educated individual is a great addition to boost a country’s economic growth and to sustain its future needs, provided that he will be able to apply what he had learned from school. Sustainable development is a concept which deals with the balance on how present demands are meet without compromising the future needs of the young generations. This protects a country from exhausting all its natural resources to meet its present needs without undermining its economi c growth. It is how conflicts should be resolved between the present necessities and the economic development, in order to withstand the upcoming needs. Education for sustainable development is one of the most pressing topics in the world. as discussed in the preceding paragraphs, education is a tool for achieving sustainable development. It provides individuals training, discipline and knowledge. It gives guidance to the future work force. However, though the goal of education for sustainable development is towards a positive result, the idea still has negative implications along the way. ESD not only focused on the academic side of education but also how values are being taught to sustain development. The values formation curriculum varies from one country to another. It depends on how closely knit the cultural ties of a certain country (McKeown, Hopkins, Rizi, &Chrystalbridge 2002). Since the subject on values formation is not universally the same, the approach on the students va ries from one country to another. These problems lead us to the question whether the predicaments in the present education will be able to sustain the impending needs of the future generations. In this paper, a comparative analysis will be presented with regard the education for sustainable development in Japan and Malaysia, and its negative implications to its people. The discussion made on this paper has transcendental importance and must be able to provide us a concrete picture of what is happening in these two countries, and to examine whether such will be advantageous in the long run. Japan and its Economy Japan is one of the most looked up countries, especially in Asia, due to its rapid economic progress. According to Asianinfo.org (2011a), tt is the third largest economy in the world. The currency used by Japan is Yen. It implements a semi-pegged foreign exchange. Japan’s leading industries are manufacturing, construction, communication and distribution. All these sect ors are backed by the country’s labor force (Japan-guide.com 2011). In state.gov (2011) it is stated that the work force in Japan is approximately 65.9 million in 2010, which is divided in three main sectors: Services which is composed of 68 percent of the work force, industry with 28% and agriculture with 4 percent. The literacy rate in Japan in 2010 is an outstanding 99 percent. The literacy statistics show that Japan has an excellent educational system. Education in Japan According to Kaori Okano and Motonori Tsuchiya (1999), education plays a major role on the countries development. Education must be able to cope up with the speedy economic growth of Japan. With that, state

Cultural Encounters and Cultural Exemptions Essay

Cultural Encounters and Cultural Exemptions - Essay Example t can then allow for a further examination of the how cultural exemption can be defined in terms of fitting into the liberal philosophical point of view. In searching for avenues of autonomy, the liberal philosophic can find a great example in the concept of cultural exemption. Cultural exemption allows a culture to continue traditions that might otherwise be considered illegal. One example of this can be found in the United States where Native American’s are allowed to use peyote and mescaline drugs because of their cultural traditions while other citizens would be arrested for this use. As well, the Native American’s are allowed to kill eagles, a protected bird in the United States, and use the parts of the body for religious ceremonies (343). This type of exemption is noble in its preservation of a culture that is all but gone from the world. However, in terms of global engagements of enterprise between countries, the act of allowing a cultural exemption within a country may prevent other countries from interacting with them in trade when the exemption is too controversial (Crane, Kawashima, & Kawasaki 2002: 82). a foundation of belief. According to Barry (1996), classical liberalism â€Å"begins with a ‘realistic’ view of man and his condition†(8). The foundation of the philosophy is that government should be limited and the freedoms of individuals should be widely available. Some of the other basic ideals are freedoms of religion, the press, speech, of assembly and for a free market (Sarder 1997: 74). However, liberalism also has a strong sense of the concept of autonomy. This concept is so important to the theory that a rejection of the idea of community accompanies this concept. According to Sarder, the liberalist views the community as a place where too much sacrifice of individual freedom exists and that each individual should define their own sense of morality, not adhering to the overall values of a culturally connected society (74). However,

Reforms in the International Finance System Essay

Reforms in the International Finance System - Essay Example According to the research findings the global financial crisis did not occur over night; rather it was a series of occurrences that led to the progression of the crisis, which impacted the entire world. The US National Bureau of Economic Research asserts that the financial crisis began in early to mid 2007. The most notable start of the financial crisis was the marketing and sale of US mortgage-backed securities that had risks, which proved difficult to assess. This marketing took place on a global basis that saw risks being spread out to all areas of the globe. In addition, a comprehensive credit boom exemplified the international speculative bubble witnessed in industries such as the real estate and equities industries of the global economy. This further enhanced the risky practice in terms of financial institutions’ lending capacities. Drastic increases in global food and oil prices also served to enhance the precarious financial status of the world. However, the financial crisis actually began following the surfacing of sub-prime loan losses in 2007. This uncovered risky loans and the over-valued asset prices. As loan losses increased, as well as the collapse of Lehman Brothers, a global panic broke out in the inter-financial institution loans market. When share, as well as housing prices, eventually declined, a majority of financial and investment institutions in the US incurred massive losses, with some even facing bankruptcy. This ultimately led to major public, fiscal assistance to the tumbling institutions. The global financial crisis led to a sudden decline in international trade, massive unemployment and collapse of global prices of essential commodities. In summation, the situations that led up to the financial crisis include the boom in demand for financial instruments, excessive rise in asset prices, all of which were compounded by lack of sufficient regulation. The financial crisis subsided in late 2008, but the global economy has experien ced several aftershocks. Reason behind the Financial Crisis The reason behind the global financial crisis is a complex combination of liquidity and valuation issues in the global banking sector in the year 2008. In the US, in year 2007, the global economy experienced a boost following the emergence of a real estate bubble in residential markets. The real estate bubble refers to a scenario where real estate is sold at highly inflated values. The 2007 real estate bubble

Organizational Buyer Behavior and Buyer-Seller Relationships Essay Example for Free

Organizational Buyer Behavior and Buyer-Seller Relationships Essay Business to business marketing also known as Industrial marketing is the marketing of goods services to organizations including commercial enterprises, government and other profit non-profit institutions for use in the goods services they in turn produce for resale to other customers or to facilitate the operation of their enterprise (Reeder, Brierty, 2002). Business to business market is characterized by few customers who buy in very large quantities and are geographically concentrated. The customers are professional and rational in their purchase approach. The nature of demand is derived demand, which is usually customized. The channels of distribution are shorter and there is more emphasis on personal face-to-face communication. In this era of globalization the business environment is characterized by intense competition. To sustain and grow in such a competitive economic environment, business organizations are under tremendous pressure to manufacture a product or provide a service that is of optimum quality, is customized to individual customer requirements and is delivered on time at minimum possible price. The role of the suppliers is crucial in helping the business organizations to achieve this objective. To succeed and grow in such business to business markets business marketers need to understand the Business Buyer Behavior and evolve close, enduring and long-term relationships. Business Buyer Behavior Understanding the dynamics of business buying behavior including the organizational buying process, the types of buying situations, forces influencing the organization buyer behavior, the composition of the buying center and the motives and the roles played by each member of the buying center is crucial for business marketers to identify profitable market segments, locate the various buying influences within these segments and reaching these buyers efficiently and effectively with product or service offerings that satisfy their needs. The Organizational Buying Process The organizational buying behavior is a process rather than an isolated program. It involves comprehensive phases or stages. The process begins with the recognition of a need for a product or service by someone in the company. Broad parameters for the desired product/service are then worked out. Detailed specifications and description for the desired product or service are developed. Once the company has defined the product /service it needs then the search for potential suppliers who can meet the needs begins, alternative suppliers are identified, asked to submit their proposals and the proposals analyzed. The short-listed suppliers are invited for negotiations and the final suppliers are selected. The order is then placed with the selected suppliers on the agreed terms. Finally the performance of the firms supplying the required products/ services is reviewed periodically. The buying process stage of the potential buyer for the seller’s product or service will have a major implication on the marketing approach to be adopted by the seller. Types of Buying Situations There are basically three major types of buying situations, namely the straight rebuy, modified rebuy and new-task buy. In a straight rebuy situation the buyer reorders a product or service without any modifications on a routine basis through the purchase department. In a modified rebuy situation the buyer may wish a modification in product/service specifications, prices, terms of supply etc. This situation usually involves more number of participants in the buying decision process. In a new task buying situation the company is buying a product or service for the first time. In such a situation the organization buying process is more complex and involves many more number of participants from different departments in the organization. The buying company also needs to decide on the product/service specifications, prices, delivery terms, order quantities, service terms etc. Forces Influencing Business Buying Behavior The organization buying behavior is influenced by environmental forces like changes in the domestic and global economy and changes in the technologies. The rapid strides made in information technology especially Internet technology has had a major influence in the way businesses buy. For example most of the small and large business organizations buy computer systems from Dell through its well developed website www. ell. com. Organization buying behavior is also influenced by the organizational forces like centralization and decentralization of purchase and strategic role and priorities of purchase prevalent in the given organization. The group forces influencing behavior include the composition, motives and the roles played by each member of the buying center. Buying Center It is the decision-making uni t of a buying organization and comprises of all members of the organization who are involved in the buying decision process. The members of the buying center will change depending on the product/service being purchased and the buying situation in which it is being purchased. The buying center members may play any one or a combination of the five roles namely, users, influencers, buyers, deciders and gatekeepers. Users are the members who will actually use the product being offered. Influencers are members who influence the purchase. Buyers are members who have the formal authority to make the purchase. Deciders are members who have formal or informal power to select/approve the final suppliers. Gatekeepers are members who control the flow of information from the seller to other members of the buying center. The buying motives/objectives of each member of the buying center through which the members evaluate potential suppliers may differ. The motives may include task oriented objectives such as price, quality, service and Return on Investment and non-task oriented objectives such as recognition, promotion, increments and job security. Companies involved in business to business marketing need to clearly identify the buying situation, the stage or the phase in the buying decision making process for the product being offered, the various forces influencing the buying organizations behavior, the composition of the buying center, the role played by each member of the buying center and the criteria on which they evaluate the suppliers for each individual customer. Based on such an understanding they should evolve suitable marketing strategies for success. For example Unilever the British FMCG major may need new high-speed packaging equipment for its innovation in detergent ‘small mighty’. Companies in the business of packaging equipment need to understand that it is a new task buy situation for Unilever. And the company may be in the need identification stage of the buying process. They need to have closer relationship with the members from different functional areas like operations, engineering, design, finance and purchase who may comprise the buying center, understand the motives of purchase and the role played by each member. This is crucial because each of this buyer behavior characteristic will have an implication on the buying decision process at Unilever. This will help the supplier to evolve suitable marketing strategies to be the favoured supplier of Unilever. Relationship emphasis in Business to Business Marketing In the highly competitive environment that is prevalent today, suppliers have evolved into business partners. There is a major emphasis on close and long-term relationships in the business to business markets. To maintain the relationships, business markets must develop an intimate knowledge of the customers and add value to it. Relationship marketing centers on all marketing activities directed towards establishing, developing and maintaining successful exchanges with customers (Morgan, Hunt, 1994). A strong relationship between the buyer and the seller is a win-win situation for both. The seller will have a competitive advantage over his competition and the buyer will have effective business solutions to his problem. The relationships between the buyer and the seller in the business to business setup are positioned on a spectrum with transactional exchanges on one end and collaborative exchanges at the other extreme with value-added exchanges in the middle. Transactional Exchanges focus on timely exchange of a product/service for a competitive price. Economy and necessity are the main motivational factors of such exchanges with little interest on the part of the buyer or the seller to extend the relationship. Such types of exchanges may be preferred by the buying organization when the purchase decision is not complex, the purchase is considered to be less significant to the achievement of its objectives, many suppliers are available and the supply market is stable. Here the business marketer need not make any specialized investment in building relationships. For example the supply of office stationery and cleaning services may call for a transactional relationship. Value added exchanges focus on complete understanding of the present and future needs of the customer and meeting those needs better than the competitor by customizing the firm’s offerings to the needs of individual customers. For example Intel Corporation, a leading player in the semiconductor industry has understood the changing computer server needs of it corporate clients and has developed and introduced a new chip that lowers electricity consumption to a very great extent. This has drastically reduced the huge electricity bills of its customers like Google Corporation that maintain thousands of servers world wide (Edwards, 2006) Collaborative Exchanges focus on building a strong social, economic, service and technical ties over a long period of time for mutual benefit through reduced costs and increased value. Such exchanges are very crucial when the market is very dynamic, the complexity of purchase is very high and the product/service being purchased is very crucial for the performance of the end product of the buying organization. In such situations the switching costs involved in changing a supplier are also very high for the buying organization. For example Asin is the sole supplier to the Japanese car manufacturing major Toyota Motors for â€Å"p-valve†, a critical brake part used in all Toyota vehicles worldwide. Aisin works in very close collaboration with Toyota Motors and is highly involved in the product development process at Toyota Motors to keep pace with the innovations being made in the Toyota vehicles and meet the JIT production requirements of Toyota (Liker, 2004). Business Marketers have some flexibility in deciding where to participate along the relationship continuum. It basically depends on the characteristics of the market, the type and price of product/service being offered and the significance of product/service being offered to the buying organization. However rival companies are continuously working towards taking away the best accounts and so also the requirements, expectations and the preferences of the individual customers keeps changing continuously. To meet these challenges business marketers must develop mutually beneficial relationships with individual customers by developing a deep understanding of their needs. Information should be openly shared to benefit both the buyer and the seller. The systems, procedures, and routines of the buyer and seller should be connected to facilitate operations. There should be very good cooperation between the buyer and seller and both should treat the buying situations as joint responsibilities. Both the buyer and seller should invest in processes and procedures that are necessary to meet the specific needs of the exchange partners. Such mutually beneficial relationships between the buyer and the seller will result in better service to the business customer as the seller will be able to provide customized product/service solutions that precisely meet the individual customer needs. Conclusion Business to business markets are growing in volume as compared to consumer markets. The characteristics of the Business to business markets call for closer buyer seller relationships. Companies operating in the Business to business markets should clearly study the organizational buyer behavior with respect to the product or service they offer. They should decide on the type of relationship, ranging from transactional exchange to collaborative exchange, which they should adopt with each customer to gain competitive advantage in the intensively competitive business environment.

Contingency Tables Essay Example for Free

Contingency Tables Essay The two nominal level variables are respondent’s sex and marital status. The independent variable is respondent’s sex and dependent variable is respondent’s marital status. The null and alternate hypotheses are Null hypothesis, H0: Marital status is independent of sex. Alternate Hypothesis, H1: Marital status is dependent on sex. The variable sex measures respondent’s gender. The valid categories of measurement for the variable sex are ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ and they are coded as 1 and 2, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. The variable marital status measures respondent marital status. The valid categories of measurement for the variable marital status are ‘Married’, ‘Widowed’, ‘Divorced’, ‘Separated’ and ‘Never married’ and they are coded as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, respectively. The variable is a good example for the nominal level of measurement, as it merely identifies a category. Majority (57. 3%) of the respondent’s were male. Majority (53. 0%) of the respondent’s were married. The percentage of respondents widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 11. 0%, 14. 2%, 2. 7% and 19. 1%, respectively. Table 1 shows the cross-tabulation of respondent’s marital status by sex. The distribution of male respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 59. 8%, 4. 8%, 11. 7, 1. 4% and 22. 2%, respectively. The distribution of female respondent’s for married, widowed, divorced, separated and never married were 48. 0%, 15. 6%, 16. 1, 3. 6% and 16. 8%, respectively. The table provides an evidence of correlation (association) between respondent’s sex and marital status in the sample. There appears a weak association between respondent’s sex and marital status. In general, the information summarized in the table 1 seems to provide evidence supporting research (alternate) hypothesis, as the distribution of male and females respondent’s for marital stratus are not similar. The value of nominal directional measure of association lambda is 0. This indicates no relationship between respondent’s sex and marital status that is knowing the respondent’s sex does not increase the ability to predict his or her marital status. This statistics (lambda) does not improve upon the use of column percentages to evaluate the given correlation.